Assessing The Paris Fashionable Concepts Cultural Studies Essay

Assessing The Paris Fashionable Concepts Cultural Studies Essay The concept of Paris fashion represents one of the most powerful and long-running place in modern history. But even a cursory examination of the way the term has been used draws attention to the complexity of the notion of the fashion capital, and to the complexity of the fashion process itself. The routine description of the city over the past 200 years as the capital world of fashion contribute to this understanding. ::::Downloads:eiffel-tower-1.jpg Figure 2.2 , Eifel Tower in Paris, Available at: http://www.eiffel-tower.us/Eiffel-Tower-Images/eiffel-tower-1.jpg Paris is the Fashion Capital of the World. Paris has long been an international hub of fashion design. Paris is home to many distinguished design houses, such as Chanel, Dior, Yves Saint Laurent, Chloe, Givenchy, Lanvin, Hermes, and Louis Vuitton. Paris is also a premier destination for shopping, with streets such as Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honre and the Champs-Elysees hosting boutiques from designers around the world. Besides fashion and leather goods, Paris is has a number of well-known jewelers, such as Cartier SA, Boucheron, Chaumet, and Van Cleef Arpels. They have their flagships at the famed Place Vendome. Twice a year, Paris is home to a fashion week, where the citys fashion houses present their collections. Designers from other countries also present their collections in Paris. Notable examples include Belgian designers Dries van Noten, Martin Margeila, and Ann Demeulemester; Dutch design duo Viktor Rolf; and Japanese deisgners Yohji Yamamoto, Issey Miyake, and Junya Watanabe. Pinault-Printemps-Redoute and LVMH, the two major holding companies in contemporary fashion, are both headquartered in Paris. Paris has been interpreted as a world centre of fashion because of its distinctive metropolitan cultures of consumption, both in the narrow sense of shops and shopping, and in a broader sense of the practices associated with the wearing of fashionable dress in the spaces of the city. There has been something approaching a naturalization of Pariss relationship with fashion, often around the elevation of a certain construction of fashionable femininity to a symbol of Parisian superiority. [Fashions World Cities, David Gilbert, 2006] ::::Downloads:christian_dior_haute_couture_2009_01.jpg Figure 2.3 , Christian Dior Haute Couture fashion show 2009, Available at: http://iamfashioncrazy.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/christian_dior_haute_couture_2009_01.jpg Since the seventeenth century, fashion has been an important industry and cultural export of France, and modern haute couture originated in Paris in the 1860s. Today, Paris is considered one of the worlds fashion capitals, along with London, Milan, and New York City, and the city is home or headquarters to many of the premier fashion houses. The culture of Paris and of the French people has been shaped by geography, by profound historical events, and by foreign and internal forces and groups. Paris, has played an important part as a center of high culture and of decorative arts since the seventeenth century, first in Europe, and from the nineteenth century onwards, world wide. From the late nineteenth century, Paris has also played an important role in modern art, cinema, fashion and cuisine. Paris is today the melting pot of diverse cultures. However, it still retains its own unique charm or attraction when it comes to ethnicity, geography and the French language. The once isolated local customs arising out of regional differences have matured to become a cultural identity that is unique to the heterogeneity. The culture of Paris (or to say France), has been largely influenced by mandatory defense service, the Franco-Prussian feud and World War I and World War II. The two world wars were responsible for the flood of cultural influences and centralized market forces. Today, the people in Paris symbolize collective identity. The Parisian society is more inclined to believing in public-spiritedness, state socialistic spending, and in public initiatives. The Paris culture is characteristic of chauvinism, a term which is widely used all over the World (the countries of the West, esp. Europe and the Americas), integrated politics, universalism and the popular French grandeur. Although, now the traditional family structure has evolved from the joint family to nuclear. Most modern people in Paris prefer to relate to the term French as a nationality and their language and not a measure of ethnicity, specific to the city. There are many immigrants from Africa, Asia and other European countries who have made Paris or France their home with diverse ethnic ascendants, resulting in interracial relationships. According to Hofsteds Framework for Assessing Culture, the culture of Paris is moderately individualistic and high Power Distance Index. There is clearly a significant overlap between the cities routinely described as world fashion cities, like Paris, and those identified by Friedmann, Sassen and their followers as primary world cities or global cities. Given, in Friedmanns terminology, the embeddedness of a transnational capitalist class whose ideology is consumerist in such world cities, and given fashions inherent elitism and consumerism, it would be very surprising if this were not the case. [Fashions World Cities, David Gilbert, 2006] The acceptance of lebianism, homosexuality and gay marriages in Paris, speaks volumes for the broad-mindedness of the French. In fact, Paris mayor Bertrand Delanoà «, makes no attempt to hide his gay identity. In Paris, the French movies, music and literature are vibrant and multicultural. The language follows a preordain official originality standard. French is spoken widely across the globe, inspite of the repression with regional and foreign languages in certain countries. It has become a part of the education forum and a popular option in many bilingual educational institutions. As far as religion goes, Paris is secular and dedicatedly adheres to the principle of freedom of religion, a political dictate that was enshrined in the Declaration of the Rights of Man, 1789. A mix of Catholics, Protestants, Muslims, Jews and atheists live in Paris and add quality to the essence of French character. So therefore, Paris is a multicultural society. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries these cities have developed intense concentrations of advanced producer services, typically in sectors such as banking, accountancy, advertising, insurance, commercial law and management consultancy. Sassen argues that financial deregulation and the development of new forms of telecommunications, media and information technology, far from dispersing economic activities as some predicted, has created an aggressive new logic for their concentration of these activities as some predicted, has created an aggressive new logic for their concentration of these activities in a few great cities. Sassen further argues that increasing economic and social polarization has marked global cities, particularly London and New York. Alongside the development of advanced producer services has been a parallel development of a low-paid service sector, often characterized by a casualized labour force with a high proportion of immigrants. [Fashions Worl d Cities, David Gilbert, 2006] London: ::::Downloads:Somerset House Strand.JPG Figure 3.1 , Somerset House in London, Available at: http://www.the-magician.co.uk/images/Somerset%20House%20Strand.JPG London as one of the worlds four fashion capitals, the London Fashion Week is one of the Big Four fashion weeks, which is organised by the British Fashion Council. The current venue for most of the events is Somerset House in central London, where a large marquee in the central courtyard hosts a series of catwalk shows by top designers and fashion houses, while an exhibition, housed within Somerset House itself, showcases over 150 designers. British designers whose collections have been showcased at the fashion week include Vivienne Westwood, Alexander McQueen and Stella McCartney, while British models who have featured at the event include Kate Moss, Naomi Campbell, Jade Jagger and Jodie Kidd. Fashion designer Mary Quant was at the heart of the Swinging London scene of the 1960s, and her work culminated in the creation of the miniskirt and hot pants. Mary Quant named the miniskirt that she designed after her favourite make of car, the Mini. The English fashion designer Charles Frede rick Worth is widely considered the father of Haute couture. According to an article in the Time, yet behind this confection of a city peopled by the famous and beautiful, all dressed in the latest cutting-edge fashions, was a sense that the new London was a key site in much broader changes taking place across the Western world: increasing consumer affluence, particularly among teenagers and young adults, changing intergenerational relationships, and new attitudes towards popular culture, leisure and the body. [Fashions World Cities, David Gilbert, 2006] ::::Downloads:London_cultural_icons.jpg Figure 3.2 , Cultural icons of London, Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/London_cultural_icons.jpg The London culture concerns the arts, music, museums, festivals and other entertainment in London, the capital city of the United Kingdom. The city is renowned for its theatre district, and its West End theatre district has given the name to West End theatre, the strand of mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres in London. London also homes to notable cultural attractions such as the British Museum, the Tate Galleries, the National Gallery, the Notting Hill Carnival and The O2. An assortment of landmarks and objects are cultural icons associated with London, such as Big Ben, Buckingham Palace and the tube map. According to visiting tourists, there are a few other British cultural icons that are strongly associated with London , including the red telephone box, the routemaster bus, the black taxi or more famously known as the London cab and the Union Flag. ::::Downloads:RoyalOperaHouse-25-02-09w.jpg Figure 3.3 , The Floral Hall of the Royal Opera House in London, Available at: http://www.strollon.co.uk/UploadedDocuments/RoyalOperaHouse-25-02-09w.jpg London has the famous, London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Philharmonia. There are also quite a few chamber orchestras, some of which specialise in period instrument performances, including the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, and the Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. The city is home to more than 300 nationalities, and the diversity of cultures has shaped the citys culture over time. In London, rank, status and inequalities between people are reasonably low. This obviously shows in a number of ways, such as legislation protecting ethnic minorities rights. This is observed in the office where the relationship between superiors and subordinates is relatively casual and incorporates little ceremony. London scores really high for Individualism. Therefore points to that fact that the British cultural values promote individuality. In London, the nuclear family is the more predominant form of basic social structure. In the business environment, the individual is more concerned with themselves rather than the team. The level of power distance (uncertainty avoidance) in London is quite low. This means that the British culture is relatively open to taking risks and dealing with change, which can be seen in the constant revision of laws and government structures. In the workplace, conflict or disagreement, even with superiors, is considered healthy. ::::Downloads:the_sex-pistols.jpg Figure 3.4 , The Sex Pistols, Available at: http://www.sexpistolsanniversary.co.uk/images/the_sex-pistols.jpg London is really famous for its rock scene, and was the starting point of some of the greatest 60s and 70s band such as Iron Maiden, The Clash, Led Zeppelin, The Sex Pistols, The Who, Pink Floyd, Queen and very popular 90s bands like Blur, Coldplay, Radiohead, and Oasis that are still very popular to this day. Most of the major bands tours pass through London as well, favourite venues being the Brixton Academy, the London Astoria, and the Hammersmith Apollo. In addition to generating of the bands mentioned above, London, in its capacity as the UKs cultural centre, has served as the base of a number of internationally important acts, including David Bowie, The Beatles and Jimi Hendrix, as well as being instrumental in the birth of dance music. All these artists mentioned above, in their days and till date influence fashion in London and all over the world. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨London has a thriving urban scene, mainly throughout the 21st century. Soul singers like Joss Stone, Amy Winehouse, Adele, and Lemar have found themselves chart, and international success. RB singers such as Leona Lewis, Jay Sean, The Sugababes, Taio Cruz and Alexandra Burke are also extremely popular. London also has a strong rap scene, which includes rappers like Wiley, Tinchy Stryder and Dizee Rascal among others have helped contribute to London gaining the status of having the strongest rap scene outside of the USA. London has one of the biggest underground scenes in the world. Genres include Drum and bass, Uk garage, Dubstep, 2step and grime. Londons ethnic population is growing strongly and this is having a huge effect on the culture. Indian food is now a significant part of Londons cuisine. Young black Londoners play a predominant part in the British music industry. Besides Afro-Caribbean and Indian culture, Bangladeshi, Polish and Middle-Eastern influences are also present. In London, masculinity is somewhere in the middle. This may reflect the fact that British society and culture aims for equality between the sexes, yet a certain amount of gender bias still exists underneath the surface. The acceptance of lebianism, homosexuality and gay marriages in London, is cause of the all the stars who used to cross-dress for their performances, shows that people in London are broad-minded. There are many other culture related attractions in London, including the Avenue of Stars, a walkway similar to the Hollywood Walk of Fame, with stars commemorating notable individuals or groups. Summary Table: Paris London Similarities Both Paris and London are the fashion capitals of their countries. The melting pot of diverse cultures is existent in both cities. Paris and London are multicultural societies. The acceptance of lesbianism, homosexuality and gay marriages in Paris and London, shows how broad-minded the people or society is. There is a freedom of religion. The rise of technology has led to London and Paris becoming more of open cultures. Differences Paris is the Fashion Capital of the World. Haute Couture started in Paris in the 1860s by Charles Worth. The people in Paris collective identity. The Parisian society is more inclined to believing in public-spiritedness, state socialistic spending, and in public initiatives. While London scores really high for Individualism. Paris has a high Power Distance (rank, status and inequalities between people) Index, while London is comparatively lower. Fashion culture in London was very influenced by the music scene, specially the rock scene, with the bands like the Sex Pistols in the 60s and 70s. While Paris didnt have too much influence of music on fashion. Conclusion: After extensive research and comparing the similarities and differences of both Paris and Londons modern day fashion scene, I realized that even though there are so many similarities on the surface between both cities but once you look at the details or to say under the surface you realize that each city is unique in its own way cause of their influences from cultural dimensions, societal values, history and technology, etc.

Postal Rule of Acceptance

Four main justifications of Postal Acceptance Rule i. ‘Ad infinitum’ Justification Postal rule had existed almost for 200 years and the post had been creating problems for people which the courts are obliged to solve them logically. Why it had been creating so many problems for people and that we will be discussing later on. For now let’s look at the four main justifications for postal rule of acceptance. It came from Treitel and he believes that the four main justifications are for the creation of postal rule.First of all, the first justification is the â€Å"Ad Infinitum† justification where its main rationale is that acceptance by post has to be valid on posting because if there were no postings which mean there is no contract formed. Based on the case of Adam v Lindsell, the defendant actually mail the offer of selling wool to plaintiff and the plaintiff was requested on mailing back to the defendant. Unfortunately there was an error in the offered pric e and plaintiff did not receive it.We can thus conclude that the defendant had not receive the letter of acceptance and therefore the defendant assume that the plaintiff did not want to accept his offer so he sold the wool to a third party. There was actually a contract exists before the sale of the wool because acceptance made right after the mail is being mailed. Therefore, the defendant was liable in breach of contract. In this case, it might go on ad infinitum because once mail is being posted which means that acceptance is being made.Of course, there is a high level of uncertainty because of the distance between the two parties causing them difficulties for the formation of contract. ii. ‘Symbolic Act’ Justification In this justification, rationale being that the offeror must be considered as continually making (the offer) until he has brought to the knowledge of the person to whom it made that it is withdraw. Based on the case of Brogden v Directors of Metropolita n Railway Co, there was a contract sent by the defendant (Directors of Metropolitan Railway) to the plaintiff (Brogden) regarding the contract.The plaintiff agreed the contract by signing it and return to the defendant. The defendant then filled in the blanks without informing the plaintiff about the acceptance. Since there is no acceptance being communicated between the both parties, the plaintiff did not supply the company with coals. Thus, there was subsequently a dispute arose that whether the written agreement was valid. Although the action of communication of acceptance had not been showed clearly, in fact the written agreement was valid despite no acceptance being informed.Reason being both parties had already agreed on the terms of the contract without any objections. In the real world, we do not see an offeror consistently making an offer to people, and subsequently this justification seems to be attempting to affect a useful acceptance rule rather than providing any real r ationale for the postal rule. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. The Law of Contract, 11th Edition, 2003 page 25 [ 2 ]. Stevenson P. J, 2010 [ 3 ]. (1818) 1 B&A 681 [ 4 ]. Henthorn v Fraser (1892) 2 Ch. 27 [ 5 ]. Stevenson P. J, 2010

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Racial Disparities Within The United States - 1793 Words

Racial Disparities in Sentencing In a country where many believe the hatchet of racism was buried with its first black president, many people of color, both non-black and black are still frustrated and disappointed in the progress to be made. Many progressives prefer to see America as a colorblind nation, a nation where if you work hard and do right, you ll fulfill the American Dream. Often this dream is accompanied with challenge after challenge for people of color. Of course what first must be asked is if racism is still present in our justice system and in the fabric of our country? What must be understood first is that answers to these complex issues are never black or white, which leaves far too much gray area to be discussed. In†¦show more content†¦It is important to realize that one of the greatest challenges that has been and is still currently faced by people of color is the racial disparity in sentencing in the criminal justice system. As seen by criminal justice reform agency, The Sentencing Project, â€Å"Racial minorities are more likely than white Americans to be arrested; once arrested, they are more likely to be convicted; and once convicted, they are more likely to face stiff sentences† (Shadow Report to the United Nations†). This can easily be interpreted by observing the data presented (see fig.1), according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, one in every three black males are likely to be imprisoned within their lifetime and one in every six Latino males are likely to be imprisoned within their lifetime as well, this in comparison to the fact that one in every seventeen white males are likely to be imprisoned within their lifetime is quite disgraceful. Although it i s very hard to swallow, this is just one of the many harsh realities which face progressive America. This only helps in asking the question, in this new progressive, post-racial America is this racial gap in sentencing showing any considerable decrease? One manner in which the racial gap can be understood is the fact that whites commit certain crimes at a

Mitochondrial Dna And Its Effect On Human Behavior Essay

Introduction Plasmid was a term introduced by Lederburg in 1952 as a descriptive for genetic material that is located outside of the nucleus of a cell at points or the entirety of its replication cycle and origionates from and returns to chromosomal DNA (Lederberg, 1952). In 1968 this descriptive was adapted to being elements of the genetic material that are generally located outside of the chromosome and can carry out self-replication. recognition that it also didn’t cause cell damage which highlighted that it was different from a virus (Lederberg, 1998). The features of plasmids such as size, being extrachromosomal along with the ability of self-replication provide a basis for manipulation of genetic material alongside the ability to analyse the roles of different variations. In this report it is shown how certain techniques are carried out along with the reasoning behind the methodology to isolate and manipulate plasmids within E.coli. The initial step in the protocol was to isolate the plasmid DNA, plasmid DNA is useful when conducting experiments involving gene manipulation this is due to the determination of plasmid and chromosomal DNA. Plasmid DNA generally do not contain genes that are needed for the cells regulation (housekeeping), a genetic element that contains the genes for the cells regulation would be classified as chromosomal DNA. Due to plasmids not carrying DNA responsible for the cell to survive normal conditions they provide a gateway toward the productionShow MoreRelatedAutosomal Dominant Autosomal Recessive Disorder1048 Words   |  5 Pagescreate a different protein. However, both alleles effect the genetic trait. Mitochondrial inheritance, which is more commonly known as maternal inheritance, corresponds to genes in the mothers DNA. Egg cells are responsible to supply the DNA to the embryo. 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Inflation Rate Free Essays

string(19) " tend to be lower\." Assignment On India’s Trend of Economic Growth and Employment (Since the year 1980 to2010) Submitted to DR. TAPAS KUMAR PAL Presented By * ARNABI BOSE (Roll- 1) * DIPA DAS (Roll- 10) * PURNAMRITA MALLICK (Roll- 3) * SWATI AGARWAL (Roll- 25) * TISTA BISWAS (Roll- 26) (MHROM 1st semester, Calcutta University) CHART SHOWING DATA OF NOMINAL REAL GDP, GROWTH RATE, INFLATION DEFLATION RATE AND EMPLOYMENT (PUBLIC PRIVATE SECTOR) IN INDIA SINCE 1980 TO 2010 Year| NominalGDP(Rs. )| NominalGDP Growth Rate(%)| RealGDP(Rs. We will write a custom essay sample on Inflation Rate or any similar topic only for you Order Now | RealGDP Growth Rate(%)| Deflator| InflationRate(%)| Public Sector(million)| PrivateSector(million)| Total Employment(million)| EmploymentRate(%)| 1980-81| 1368. 38| 19. 51| 7985. 06| 7. 21| 17. 14| 11. 51| 15. 48| 7. 40| 22. 88| 2. 3| 1981-82| 1602. 13| 17. 08| 8434. 26| 5. 63| 18. 99| 10. 79| 16. 28| 7. 53| 23. 81| 4. 06| 1982-83| 1789. 85| 11. 72| 8680. 91| 2. 92| 20. 62| 8. 58| 16. 75| 7. 39| 24. 14| 1. 38| 1983-84| 2093. 56| 16. 97| 9362. 69| 7. 85| 22. 36| 8. 43| 17. 22| 7. 36| 24. 58| 1. 82| 1984-85| 2351. 13| 12. 30| 9733. 57| 3. 96| 24. 15| 8. 00| 17. 58| 7. 43| 25. 01| 1. 4| 1985-86| 2627. 17| 11. 74| 10138. 66| 4. 16| 25. 91| 7. 28| 17. 68| 7. 37| 25. 05| 1. 71| 1986-87| 2929. 24| 11. 48| 10576. 12| 4. 31| 27. 69| 6. 86| 18. 24| 7. 39| 25. 63| 2. 31| 1987-88| 3320. 68| 13. 36| 10949. 92| 3. 53| 30. 32| 9. 49| 18. 32| 7. 39| 25. 71| 0. 31| 1988-89| 3962. 95| 19. 34| 12062. 43| 10. 16| 32. 85| 8. 34| 18. 51| 7. 45| 25. 96| 0. 97| 1989-90| 4565. 40| 15. 20| 12802. 28| 6. 13 | 35. 66| 8. 55| 18. 77| 7. 58| 26. 35| 1. 50| 1990-91| 5318. 13| 16. 49| 13478. 89| 5. 29| 39. 45| 10. 62| 19. 06| 7. 68| 26. 74| 1. 48| 1991-92| 6135. 28| 15. 37| 13671. 71| 1. 3| 44. 87| 13. 73| 19. 21| 7. 85| 27. 06| 1. 19| 1992-93| 7037. 23| 14. 70| 14405. 03| 5. 36| 48. 85| 8. 87| 19. 33| 7. 85| 27. 18| 0. 44| 1993-94| 8197. 61| 16. 49| 15223. 43| 5. 68| 53. 85| 10. 23| 19. 45| 7. 93| 27. 38| 0. 73| 1994-95| 9553. 85| 16. 54| 16196. 94| 6. 39| 58. 98| 9. 52| 19. 47| 8. 06| 27. 53| 0. 54| 1995-96| 11185. 86| 17. 08| 17377. 40| 7. 29| 64. 37| 9. 13| 19. 43| 8. 51| 27. 94| 1. 48| 1996-97| 13017. 88| 16. 38| 18763. 19| 7. 97| 69. 38| 7. 78| 19. 56| 8. 69| 28. 25| 1. 10| 1997-98| 14476. 13| 11. 20| 19570. 31| 4. 30| 73. 97| 6. 61| 19. 42| 8. 75| 28. 17| 0. 8| Year| NominalGDP(billion)| NominalGDP Growth Rate(%)| RealGDP(billion)| RealGDP Growth Rate(%)| Deflator(%)| InflationRate(%)| Public Sector(million)| PrivateSector(million)| Total Employment(million)| EmploymentRate(%)| 1998- 99| 16687. 39| 15. 28| 20878. 27| 6. 68| 79. 93| 8. 05| 19. 41| 8. 70| 28. 11| 0. 21| 1999-00| 18472. 73| 10. 70| 22462. 76| 7. 59| 82. 24| 2. 89| 19. 31| 8. 65| 27. 96| 0. 53| 2000-01| 19919. 82| 7. 83| 23427. 74| 4. 30| 85. 03| 3. 39| 19. 14| 8. 65| 27. 79| 0. 60| 2001-02| 21677. 45| 8. 82| 24720. 52| 5. 52| 87. 69| 3. 12| 18. 77| 8. 43| 27. 20| 2. 12| 2002-03| 23382. 00| 7. 86| 25706. 0| 3. 99| 90. 95| 3. 71| 18. 58| 8. 44| 27. 02| 0. 66| 2003-04| 26222. 16| 12. 15| 27778. 13| 8. 06| 94. 39| 3. 78| 18. 20| 8. 25| 26. 45| 2. 10| 2004-05| 29714. 64| 13. 32| 29714. 64| 6. 97| 100| 5. 94| 18. 01| 8. 45| 26. 46| 0. 03| 2005-06| 33905. 03| 14. 10| 32530. 73| 9. 48| 104. 32| 4. 32| 18. 19| 8. 77| 26. 96| 1. 88| 2006-07| 39532. 76| 16. 60| 35643. 63| 9. 57| 110. 91| 6. 31| 18. 00| 9. 24| 27. 24| 1. 03| 2007-08| 45820. 86| 15. 91| 38966. 36| 9. 32| 117. 59| 6. 02| 17. 67| 9. 88| 27. 55| 1. 13| 2008-09| 53035. 67| 15. 75| 41586. 76| 6. 72| 127. 53| 8. 45| 17. 80| 10. 38| 28. 18| 2. 28| 200 9-10| 60914. 5| 14. 86| 45076. 37| 8. 39| 135. 13| 5. 96| 17. 86| 10. 85| 28. 71| 1. 88| * INTRODUCTION: * What is GDP? Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country’s standard of living GDP = private consumption + gross investment + government spending + (exports ? imports) * Nominal GDP is GDP evaluated at current market prices. Therefore, nominal GDP will include all of the changes in market prices that have occurred during the current year due to inflation or deflation. In order to abstract from changes in the overall price level, another measure of GDP called real GDP is often used. Real GDP is GDP evaluated at the market prices of some base year. For example, if 1990 were chosen as the base year, then real GDP for 1995 is calculated by taking the quantities of all goods and services purchased in 1995 and multi plying them by their 1990 prices. * Inflation is defined as a rise in the overall price level, and deflation is defined as a fall in the overall price level. The inflation rate is one of the most important economic forces consistently weighing on the value of a nation’s currency. Low Inflation Causes Growth: It is argued that low inflation can contribute to a higher rate of growth in the long term. This is because low inflation helps promote stability, confidence, and security and therefore encourages investment. This investment helps promote long term economic growth. If an economy has periods of high and volatile inflation rates, then rates of economic growth tend to be lower. You read "Inflation Rate" in category "Papers" * High Inflation and Low Growth: It is possible that an economy can experience low growth and high inflation this can occur if there is cost push inflation. Cost push inflation could be caused by rising oil prices. It increases costs for firms and reduces disposable income. Therefore, there is lower growth, whilst high inflation. * What is the relationship between inflation unemployment and Real GDP? During peak periods of the business cycle when the economy is experiencing rapid growth in real GDP, employment will increase as businesses seek workers to produce a higher output. If real GDP grows too quickly, however, it can cause price inflation as firms are forced to bid against one another or increasingly scarce workers. In contrast during trough periods of the business cycle the economy is experiencing declines in real GDP, and employment rates are low. This is classic Neo-Keynesian economic theory. * Workings: 1. Calculation for Deflator: (Nominal GDP/Real GDP)*100 2. Calculation for Inflation Rate: {(Current Year’s GDP Deflator – Previous Year’s GDP Deflator) / Previous Year’s GDP Deflator}* 100 3. Calcul ation for Growth Rate: {(Current Year Growth Rate-Previous Year Growth Rate)/Previous Year Growth Rate}*100 4. Calculation for Employment Rate: (Current Year Employment Rate-Previous Year Employment Rate)/Previous Year Employment Rate}*100 # We have calculated nominal GDP and Real GDP at the Factor Cost. * The average inflation rate with a 5-years interval is calculated below: The average inflation rate of year 1980-85 is: (11. 51+10. 79+8. 58+8. 53+8)/5=9. 48 The average inflation rate of year 1985-90 is: (7. 28+6. 86+9. 49+8. 34+8. 55)/5=8. 10 The average inflation rate of year 1990-95 is: (10. 62+13. 73+8. 87+10. 23+9. 52)/5=10. 59 The average inflation rate of year 1995-2000 is: (9. 13+7. 78+6. 61+8. 05+2. 89)/5=6. 89 The average inflation rate of year 2000-05 is: 3. 39+3. 12+3. 71+3. 78+5. 94)/5=3. 98 The average inflation rate of year 2005-10 is: (4. 32+6. 31+6. 02+8. 45+5. 96)/5=6. 21 * The average Employment Rate with a 5-years interval is calculated below: The average emplo yment rate of year 1980-85: (2. 3+4. 06+1. 38+1. 82+1. 74)/5=2. 26 The average employment rate of year 1985-90: (1. 71+2. 31+0. 31+0. 97+1. 50)/5=1. 36 The average employment rate of year 1990-95: (1. 48+1. 19+0. 44+0. 73+0. 54)/5=0. 87 The average employment rate of year 1995-2000: (1. 48+1. 10+0. 28+0. 21+0. 53)/5=0. 72 The average employment rate of year 2000-05: (0. 60+2. 12+0. 66+2. 10+0. 03)/5=1. 0 The average employment rate of year 2005-10: (1. 88+1. 03+1. 13+2. 28+1. 88)/5=1. 64 * The average Real GDP Growth rate with a 5-years interval is calculated below: The average real GDP growth rate of year 1980-85 is: (7. 21+5. 63+2. 92+7. 85+3. 96)/5=5. 51 The average real GDP growth rate of year 1985-90 is: (4. 16+4. 31+3. 53+10. 16+6. 13)/5=5. 65 The average real GDP growth rate of year 1990-95 is: (5. 29+1. 43+5. 36+5. 68+6. 39)/5=4. 83 The average real GDP growth rate of year 1995-2000 is: (7. 29+7. 97+4. 30+6. 68+7. 59)/5=6. 76 The average real GDP growth rate of year 2000-05 is: (4. 30+5. 52+3. 99+8. 06+6. 7)/5=5. 76 The average real GDP growth rate of year 2005-10 is: (9. 48+9. 57+9. 32+6. 72+8. 39)/5=8. 69 * Conclusion: As we can see the average real GDP growth rate from 1980-85 is 5. 51 and the average inflation rate of year 1980-85 is 9. 48 as well as the average real GDP growth rate of year 1985-90 is 5. 65 and the average inflation rate of year 1985-90 is 8. 10. So, it can be observed that, when the real GDP growth rates increased in the next consecutive years, the inflation rate has been decreased. Again, average real GDP growth rate of year 1990-95 is 4. 83 and average inflation rate of year 1990-95 is 10. 9. Here with respect to the year 1985-90, the real GDP growth rate is decreasing and the inflation rate is increasing. Further, average real GDP growth rate of year 1995-2000 is 6. 76 and the average inflation rate of year 1995-2000 is 6. 89. Here again, with respect to the year 1990-95, the real GDP growth rate is increasing and the inflation rate is decreasing. Again, average real GDP growth rate of year 2000-05 is 5. 76 and average inflation rate of year 2000-05 is 3. 98. Here with respect to the year 1995-2000, the real GDP growth rate is decreasing and the inflation rate is also decreasing. And, average real GDP growth rate of year 2005-10 is 8. 69 and average inflation rate of year 2005-10 is 6. 21. Here with respect to the year 2000-05, the real GDP growth rate is increasing and the inflation rate is also increasing. THEREFORE, FROM THE ABOVE COMPARISONS, GOING WITH THE MAJORITY, WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT IN INDIA, SINCE THE YEAR 1980-2010, REAL GDP GROWTH RATE AND INFLATION RATE ARE INVERSELY RELATED, AS FOR 3 CASES WE CAN SEE WHEN REAL GDP GROWTH RATES HAVE INCREASED, INFLATION RATES HAVE DECREAS AND VICE VERSA †¦ Now, as per our assignment, we have to compare India’s Trend of Economic Growth with Employment (Since the year 1980 to2010). As we can see the average real GDP growth rate from 1980-85 is 5. 51 and the average employment rate of year 1980-85 is 2. 26 as well as the average real GDP growth rate of year 1985-90 is 5. 65 and the average employment rate of year 1985-90 is 1. 36. So, it can be observed that, when the real GDP growth rates increased in the next consecutive years, the employment rate has decreased. Again, average real GDP growth rate of year 1990-95 is 4. 83 and average employment rate of year 1990-95 is 0. 7. Here with respect to the year 1985-90, the real GDP growth rate is decreasing and the employment rate is also decreasing. Further, average real GDP growth rate of year 1995-2000 is 6. 76 and the average employment rate of year 1995-2000 is 0. 72. Here again, with respect to the year 1990-95, the real GDP growth rate is increasing and the employment rate is dec reasing. Again, average real GDP growth rate of year 2000-05 is 5. 76 and average employment rate of year 2000-05 is 1. 10. Here with respect to the year 1995-2000, the real GDP growth rate is decreasing and the employment rate is increasing. And, average real GDP growth rate of year 2005-10 is 8. 69 and average employment rate of year 2005-10 is 1. 64. Here with respect to the year 2000-05, the real GDP growth rate is increasing and the employment rate is also increasing. THEREFORE, FROM THE ABOVE COMPARISONS, GOING WITH THE MAJORITY, WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT IN INDIA, SINCE THE YEAR 1980-2010, REAL GDP GROWTH RATE AND EMPLOYMENT RATE ARE INVERSELY RELATED, AS FOR 3 CASES WE CAN SEE WHEN REAL GDP GROWTH RATES HAVE INCREASED, EMPLOYMENT RATES HAVE DECREAS AND VICE VERSA †¦ How to cite Inflation Rate, Papers

Kroger American Retailer

Question: Make a list of the steps you would take and the processes you would put in place to identify the quality and delivery standards to which teams should adhere and to monitor and manage team performance so that it consistently meets organisational quality and delivery standards. Against what criteria might you measure performance and what action would you take if performance did not meet the identified standards? Upload your answer for assessment. Answer: External Customer Requirements Kroger is an American retailer that is the largest supermarket chain by its revenues as well as the second largest general retailer. Based on the business planning processes of Kroger, this report investigates and assesses the requirements of the customers in their processes (Jolibert, 2012). The company chooses products that are being researched to establish the requirements of the customers in terms of quality, time as well as specifications of cost. The management of the company supervises a business plan that totally focuses on the services of the customers. This report also summarizes the processes to their employees to identify both quality and delivery standards. It monitors the performance of the team and takes possible actions to meet the customer's requirements. Finally, a questionnaire is prepared that obtain the feedback of the customers in order to improve the provision of their products. Investigating the needs of customers in the planning processes Knowing and understanding the needs of the customers is the center of successful business. It is required to identify the potential as well as existing customers those are buying the products from their stores. The demands of the customers are increasing from time to time due to improvement in the service quality with differentiation of products (Addas and Pinsonneault, 2014). Effective customer satisfaction leads long-term relationship with the customers and it creates a loyalty through its repeating purchase as well as recommendations that help the company to expand the market share as well as its position. Service Quality: Customer needs are achieved by improving the quality of service. It is measured by the service level based on the attitudes such as the facility layout, display of the products, its cost and the proper labeling (Briggs, 2012). Other factors are the location of the store, waiting time, operation hours, queue management, delivery time and other additional services such as parking, loyalty cards as well as merchandise quality. Price: The customers are desired to buy standard products at the lowest prices. Therefore, they shop from the supermarket that offers the lowest prices as well as provides the reasonable range of products to their customers (Ryding, Campaniolo and Carey, 2014). The customers have special tastes such as want to buy fair-trade products as well as organic foods. Branding, labeling and packaging of product: The customers are concerned with the product as well as its secondary features such as the packages and its services. The colors used on the labels as well as packages are attractive to the buyer. Each of the items is labeled individually and it is there should be a language of labeling (Chen et al. 2012). The product needs to be labeled with the language that is spoken by the country's customers. As for example, a cereal box with a picture of US athlete makes a new look and it will be attractive to the overseas customers. Identification of product and customer expectations in terms of quality, time and cost specifications At the time of selling organic products to the customers, there should be a balanced in what is being delivered based on the quality of the products. The quality of the service is what is being advertised. While selling products as well as services, the company ensures that the ordered should be delivered on time and supplied to the consumer on the time. Time management is one of the keys to keeping good customers. The price of the products needs to be competitive in the market (Dandira, 2011). Therefore, the customers shop around as well as if it is not balanced then it will not get the customers as per their expectations. These are three elements balances if the key to having constant customer flow. The following are the three elements of customer expectations: Quality: Kroger that produces the organic products have the challenge to ensure their customers the safety and quality throughout their whole food chain market. A small number of customers are willing to pay higher prices for these products based on its quality as well as product safety. The quality of the organic products ensures their customers that it contains no such food ingredient that has subject to irradiation as well as modified organisms are excluded from its production (Pasquier and Villeneuve, 2012). The customer expects that the percentage of fat in the product is less. The customer chooses organic products based on cell content in the milk, starch content in the potatoes and size of meat. Time: Customers expect for timely delivery of their products and they expect what they have ordered. They are also expecting a reasonable return policy of their products when it is unable to meet the needs (Bouzaabia, Bouzaabia and Capatina, 2013). The company should use a predicted technology for their delivery services such as it gives the customers with a guaranteed one-hour time slot in which the customers can change the delivery destination when they are not at home. Cost: The customer expected that the food sector offers various products at different price points. It offers a middle as well as high-end price with various options (Gronroos and Gummerus, 2014). The customers are expected to pay for the item that is worth valuable as well as worth of the time, effort as well as income. Therefore, the customers expect that the values of the products are connected to the price. The marketers are made up of groups of customers with various sets of expectations on the products as well as customer services that they want to purchase. Marketing oriented businesses are carried out research on the requirements of the customers to ensure that they provide the products that best meet the expectations of customers in the relevant market segment. Supervision of business plan and importance of business plan based on customer service A business plan is a statement that focuses on the business goals and objectives, the reasons why they are believed to be attainable as well as outlines the strategies that are followed to reach the business goals i.e. short as well as long-term goals. Manager: Our Company must have a business plan that focuses on the services of the customer. It is being seen that 70 percent of the consumers have to leave a business as well as buy another business selling the same goods as well as services if they are feeling that they have received poor customer service (Oliveira and Gimeno, 2014). As our businesses are striving to be successful, therefore we cannot able to lose customers over poor customer service. Customers are important for our organization as our products are very dependent on the customer's satisfaction. Employee 1: Based on the customer service, what are the important points that we should remember to achieve the customer satisfaction? Manager: As our business is selling organic products to the customers, at first, we must be concern about the quality of the products and think of health and safety our customers. It helps to provide both revenues as well as the certainty of our business (Jayawardhena and Farrell, 2011). If our businesses are unable to develop customer loyalty, then we will lose our customers. Therefore, a proper business plan is required to expand our business in the marketplace. Employee 2: What are the possible methods to plan a business in order to achieve customer service? Manager: At first, we need a concept presentation plan that consists of the business concept, principles, targeted market, and products of our company. Even this plan cannot consist of any financial projections. We will try to make our specialized service that goes a long way in order to keep customers loyal. Our business plan requires re-evaluating the pricing strategy of our product to meet customer's goals. For premium customers, we should have to deliver the premium level of services that is superior to the competitors. We should try to raise the price levels and the benefit is that we are able to allocate more and more resources in order to create amazing experiences that make the customers satisfied. Our business is planned in such a way that the customers are treated like a boss and we should focus on measuring the customer satisfaction. We should build customer loyalty in order to increase the customer satisfaction (Kursunluoglu, 2014). Moreover, special training should be given to the employees so that they can get the idea of how to survey the customers in the right way. The proper business plan gives an analysis of the business revenue, its price as well as predictable profits. Using the business plan, the new employees are able to know what the company is all about and introduce the employees to suppliers and vendors (Peter and Donnelly, 2013). Therefore, without the business plan, we can lose our customers due to a poor quality delivery of products as well as services as it will earlier forecast how the business will run. Steps and Processes to identify the quality and delivery standards by which the team can manage the team performance It is quite possible to monitor as well as manage the performance by setting goals and plans. When the goals are being supported by the plans, then it is probably to help the team to meet their targets such as delivering standard qualities to the customers. The team members should be clear about the actions that they need to take to meet with business goals, therefore, the objectives of the team should be clear. They should need to identify the sales target as well as reporting procedures and its expected outcomes (Nadiri, 2011).The team should use SMART objective to meet the goals. The qualities of the products are achieved by constant learning of the organizational culture (Ryding, Campaniolo and Carey, 2014). The employees should encourage and attend organizationally sponsored training to visit other companies. It helps them to get new ideas as well as perceptive on it. Develop and use better marketing strategies to monitor progress in order to achieve products as well as services targets with quality standards. The performance against the organization's quality as well as delivery standards is involved to collect the data that are related to the actual performance of the employees as well as maps it against the predictable performance. The performances of the employees are collected using 360-degree evaluation (Witell, 2011). It is used to collect the feedback from the customers as well as it is conducted anonymously. As today's customers are demanding, therefore they want high-quality products with high level of customer service. Service quality gap model is used for delivering quality standards to the customers. It helps to identify the gaps among the actual services as well as customer expectation (Quadrangle, 2015). It closes the gap with improving the services. The delivery gap is because the employees have the lack of product knowledge and they face difficulty in managing customer issues. It arises due to lack of cohesive teams as well as the inability to deliver. Questionnaire to obtain customer feedback to improve the provision of products and services For how long have you been using our products? 1-2 months Over 6 months Over 1 year How often do you use our product or services? Once a week 1-2 times a week Once a month How satisfied are you with our products and services? Very satisfied Satisfied Neutral Unsatisfied Very unsatisfied What impressed you most about our product or service? Quality Price Shopping experience Customer service What you like and dislike about our product/service? What could we have done for better meet your needs? What can we do to make our store more appealing? How effective is the store at resolving customer concerns? Extremely effective Very effective Moderately effective Slightly effective Does our employee give the best customer service? Yes No Would you recommend our products/services to other people?Definitely Probably Not sure References Books Jolibert, A. (2012).Marketing management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Oliveira, A. and Gimeno, A. (2014).Customer service supply chain management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. Pasquier, M. and Villeneuve, J. (2012).Marketing management and communications in the public sector. New York: Routledge. Peter, J. and Donnelly, J. (2013).A preface to marketing management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Witell, L. (2011).The theory of attractive quality. Bradford: Emerald Group Pub. Journals Addas, S. and Pinsonneault, A. (2014). IT capabilities and NPD performance: examining the mediating role of team knowledge processes.Knowledge Management Research Practice. Bouzaabia, R., Bouzaabia, O. and Capatina, A. (2013). Retail logistics service quality: a crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cultural survey on customer perceptions.Intl J of Retail Distrib Mgt, 41(8), pp.627-647. Briggs, J. (2012). Investigating situated cultural practices through cross-sectoral digital collaborations: processes, policies, insights.Digital Creativity, 23(2), pp.98-112. Chen, C., Chong, Y., Chang, W. and Yan, W. (2012). A qualitytimecost-oriented strategy for product conceptualization.Advanced Engineering Informatics, 26(1), pp.16-25. Dandira, M. (2011). The impact of executive directors' service contracts on strategic plan.Business Strategy Series, 12(1), pp.12-18. Gronroos, C. and Gummerus, J. (2014). The service revolution and its marketing implications: service logic vs service-dominant logic.Managing Service Quality, 24(3), pp.206-229. Jayawardhena, C. and Farrell, A. (2011). Effects of retail employees' behaviours on customers' service evaluation.Intl J of Retail Distrib Mgt, 39(3), pp.203-217. Kursunluoglu, E. (2014). Shopping centre customer service: creating customer satisfaction and loyalty.Marketing Intelligence Planning, 32(4), pp.528-548. Nadiri, H. (2011). Customers zone of tolerance for retail stores.Serv Bus, 5(2), pp.113-137. Ryding, D., Campaniolo, D. and Carey, R. (2014). Customer expectations and perceptions of food product quality in the UK discount grocery sector.IJBG, 13(1), p.91. Website Quadrangle, (2015).Customer Satisfaction Research 2014/2015. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/483705/Exec_Summary_-_Insolvency_Service_Customer_Satisfaction_report__2015-11-___.pdf [Accessed 2 Jan. 2016].